Liberty. It’s a simple idea, but it’s also the linchpin of a complex system of values and practices: justice, prosperity, responsibility, toleration, cooperation, and peace. Many people believe that liberty is the core political value of modern civilization itself, the one that gives substance and form to all the other values of social life. They’re called libertarians.
Saturday, August 25, 2012
The English Individualists as They Appear in Liberty*
by Carl Watner
1982
The
leading English individualists as they appear in Benjamin Tucker's journal,
Liberty, are Auberon Herbert, Wordsworth Donisthorpe, Joseph Hiam
Levy, Joseph Greevz Fisher, John Badcock, Jr., Albert Tarn, and Henry
Seymour. Ranked approximately according to their contributions and involvement
in Liberty, this group also includes M. D. O'Brien, J. M. Armsden,
W. C. Crofts, A. E. Porter and J. C. Spence.[1]Their activities
and writings serve as the focal point for research into the history
of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century individualist anarchism
in England.Liberty, an international clearinghouse for
libertarian ideas during the almost three decades of its existence (1881-1908),
reported on and editorialized about the ideology and politics of the
English individualist movement.The purpose of this paper is to
bring to light some of the little known history and ideas of the movement,
based on articles in Liberty and other sources.
"All Mankind Is One": The Libertarian Tradition In Sixteenth Century Spain
by Carl Watner1987
It would probably be looked upon as unusual to
BENJAMIN TUCKER AND HIS PERIODICAL: LIBERTY
CARL WATNER
Baltimore, Maryland
In
a letter to the New York Tribune on December 4, 1898, Benjamin
Tucker (1854-1939) described himself as an Anarchist. "I was the
first American--I may say the first Anglo-Saxon--to start (in 1881)
an avowedly Anarchistic newspaper printed in the English language. I
am still the editor, publisher, and proprietor of that paper.
It is everywhere regarded as the pioneer and principal organ of modern
individualist Anarchism. I either am, or have been, the publisher
of the chief Anarchistic works in the English language. I am the
author of the most widely-accepted English text-book of Anarchism.
I have enjoyed the friendship, had the benefit of the instruction, and.
have carefully studied the works, of those Americans from whom the Anarchists
have largely derived their beliefs--Josiah Warren, Stephen Pearl Andrews,
Lysander Spooner, and Colonel William B. Greene. I am the translator
into English of some of the principal works of P. J. Proudhon, who was
the first writer in any language to declare himself an Anarchist.
I am acquainted, perhaps better than any other man, with the English-speaking
Anarchists of the United States. It will be admitted then, I hope,
that I speak by the card." (359-3)*
Tucker's
Anarchist credentials were impeccable as he plainly stated. In August
1881, he started a "little fortnightly journal called Liberty.
Its purpose was to contribute to the solution of the social problems
by carrying to a logical conclusion the battle against authority . .
. "[1]. This journal appeared more or less continuously under
the guidance of Tucker, first in Boston, and then in New York, until
1908 when Tucker's bookstore and composing room were destroyed by fire.
In the words of Paul Avrich, Liberty was simply "the best
Anarchist paper in the English language".
10 Tips: How Romney beats Obama
10 Tips: How Romney beats Obama
Republicans will win by staying on message
Every day brings more good news for Mitt Romney’s
presidential campaign. As Republicans gather in Tampa, Fla., for their
national convention, their standard-bearer is ahead of President Obama
in most national polls. The incumbent’s approval rating is in the
basement and the economy stinks, so it will be a steep uphill climb for
the president to win a second term. The challenger has to be careful not
to get overconfident while simultaneously shifting to a frontrunner’s
posture. Here are 10 pointers Mr. Romney needs to follow to stay on course and win the White House:
Rough waters at GOP convention
Rough waters at GOP convention
Republicans are united behind ticket, not on all issues
It will be a shame if Hurricane Isaac washes out the GOP convention in Tampa. Mitt Romney has done all the big things right so far in his run for the White House.
He won a hotly contested Republican primary by sticking to an
issues-oriented message that avoided attacking his opponents and
isolating their supporters. Then, by picking Rep. Paul Ryan
as his running-mate, he enheartened the conservative base and unified
the party behind the ticket. Even though elephants are lined up for
battle behind Romney-Ryan, there are a few policy differences bubbling beneath the surface.
Box Office Sneak: '2016: Obama's America' Nation's Number One Movie
Box Office Sneak: '2016: Obama's America' Nation's Number One Movie
Deadline:
The anti-Obama movie "2016 Obama’s America" went into wider release around America today and is opening right now in first place at the domestic box office. That’s quite a feat since the Rocky Mountain Pictures political documentary is still playing in only 1,090 North American theaters – or about 1/3 as many theaters as big-budget actioner "The Expendables 2" (3,355 theaters). The Stallone picture from Millenium/Lionsgate is expected to end the weekend #1 and should top the box office tonight....
Both online ticket-sellers Fandango and MovieTickets.com showedadvance buying for "2016 Obama’s America" wereaccounting for 35% to 28% respectively before this weekend.
Story the Media Won't Tell: Obama Is Losing
Actions speak louder than polls…
It's 8:21 on a Saturday morning and according to this photo snapped by Sharon Broadie, this is the size of the crowd that showed up in Powell, Ohio, (just outside of Columbus) to see Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan:
Here's a look at the line to get in, and another look at the crowd from another source. And a real jaw-dropper.
Meanwhile, President FailureTeleprompter is relegated to rationalizing his lack of turnout into a "deliberate" desire for smaller, more intimate crowds. Yeah, that sounds like the Mr. Greek Column we've all come to know and grow tired of.
Obama Ad Pretends Voters Disillusioned with GOP, Not Him
by Ben Shapiro
Obama for America has released its first response to the devastating attack on President Obama leveled by the new Citizens United documentary, "The Hope & The Change," directed by Breitbart News Executive Chairman Stephen K. Bannon. That film shows Democrats and independents speaking about their disillusionment with the President in heartrending terms. And it demonstrates that swing voters are moving away from Obama with alacrity. Now, Obama for America has put out an online ad featuring “Republican Women for Obama.” It shows former Republicans complaining that the GOP has become too extreme. “Something’s happened in the last couple years that has completely turned things upside down,” says one woman.
Obama for America has released its first response to the devastating attack on President Obama leveled by the new Citizens United documentary, "The Hope & The Change," directed by Breitbart News Executive Chairman Stephen K. Bannon. That film shows Democrats and independents speaking about their disillusionment with the President in heartrending terms. And it demonstrates that swing voters are moving away from Obama with alacrity. Now, Obama for America has put out an online ad featuring “Republican Women for Obama.” It shows former Republicans complaining that the GOP has become too extreme. “Something’s happened in the last couple years that has completely turned things upside down,” says one woman.
Sean Hannity: Stephen K. Bannon's 'The Hope and The Change' 'Most Powerful Documentary I've Ever Seen'
by
Ben Shapiro
This evening on Fox News’ "Hannity," Breitbart News Executive Chairman Stephen K. Bannon, director of "The Hope & the Change," David Bossie of Citizens United, producers of the film, and adviser Pat Caddell appeared to discuss the massive disillusionment of Democrats and independents with President Barack Obama – and their film, which details that disillusionment in devastating detail.
The film will premiere on Tuesday at the Republican National Convention in Tampa.
Brandon Darby: Anarchists Plan to Take Down Emergency Medical Services at RNC
Yesterday, I interviewed my co-worker Brandon Darby as he was traveling toward the Republican National Convention in Florida. The interview focused on strategies used by anarchist protesters at the 2008 Republican National Convention and how those strategies will be used once again next week by the Occupy movement.
Friday, August 24, 2012
China Confronts Mounting Piles of Unsold Goods
Forbes Conrad for The New York Times
By KEITH BRADSHER
GUANGZHOU, China — After three decades of torrid growth, China is
encountering an unfamiliar problem with its newly struggling economy: a
huge buildup of unsold goods that is cluttering shop floors, clogging
car dealerships and filling factory warehouses.
Multimedia
The glut of everything from steel and household appliances to cars and
apartments is hampering China’s efforts to emerge from a sharp economic
slowdown. It has also produced a series of price wars and has led
manufacturers to redouble efforts to export what they cannot sell at
home.
The severity of China’s inventory overhang has been carefully masked by
the blocking or adjusting of economic data by the Chinese government —
all part of an effort to prop up confidence in the economy among
business managers and investors.
Seeking justice for Mexico state's female victims
Seeking justice for Mexico state's female victims
Hundreds of women and girls are killed every year in Mexico state, known as Edomex. One woman who lost her daughter, 14, puts her life at risk to press her case.
Political activist David
Mancera reads to reporters in Ecatepec, Mexico, the names of women
slain in Mexico state.
(Tracy Wilkinson, Los Angeles Times / July 31, 2012)
|
By Tracy Wilkinson
ECATEPEC, Mexico
— At 14, Jessica Lucero had already lived a hard life. A stint in
rehab, dropping out of school, making her way, day in, day out, in a
terribly violent, desperately poor neighborhood.
But things were looking up. She had stayed clean and was planning to resume studies. She dreamed of becoming a forensic pathologist.
Then, in June, Jessica was raped by a man she later identified as a notorious neighbor, a known drug pusher. Jessica's reaction was to do something that few people twice her age have ever dared. She went to the authorities and denounced the crime.
But things were looking up. She had stayed clean and was planning to resume studies. She dreamed of becoming a forensic pathologist.
Then, in June, Jessica was raped by a man she later identified as a notorious neighbor, a known drug pusher. Jessica's reaction was to do something that few people twice her age have ever dared. She went to the authorities and denounced the crime.
Was Mexican prison warden's kidnap retaliation for penal reforms?
On Thursday, an armed gang came again.
But this time they came for the new warden.
Her name is Fabiola Quiroz Zarate, and officials in the central Mexican state of Zacatecas say she was forcibly taken from her home Thursday in the city of Fresnillo, along with a nephew who served as her bodyguard, and a visiting friend.
The state attorney general’s office has opened an investigation into the kidnapping, and has advanced two possible motives for the crime -- both of them tied to changes that have been put into effect recently with the purported goal of firming up Mexico’s notoriously weak prison system.
Mexican federal police fire on U.S. officials' vehicle, injuring two
The U.S. State Department issued a statement Friday saying the two embassy employees were attacked by "unknown assailants" and were in stable condition at a local hospital. The State Department statement did not mention the federal police, but the Mexican Naval Ministry, in a statement, said that the Americans' vehicle had indeed taken police fire.
According to the navy´s statement, the episode began at 8 a.m. near a highway linking the Mexican capital with the popular tourist destination of Cuernavaca. The Americans, accompanied by a Mexican naval official, were on a dirt road on their way to visit a military facility when they encountered a vehicle whose passengers displayed firearms. When the driver of the Americans' truck tried to evade them, the armed men opened fire.
Socialism and Decivilization
by Jesus Huerta de Soto
On pages 33–35 of my book Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship, I examine the process by which the division of practical entrepreneurial
knowledge deepens "vertically" and expands "horizontally," a process
that permits (and at the same time requires) an increase in population,
fosters prosperity and general well-being, and brings about the
advancement of civilization. As I indicate there, this process is based
on
- the specialization of entrepreneurial creativity in increasingly narrow and more specific fields, and in increasing detail and depth;
-
the recognition of the private-property rights of the creative
entrepreneur to the fruits of his creative activity in each of these areas; - the free, voluntary exchange of the fruits of each human being's specialization, an exchange that is always mutually beneficial for all who participate in the market process; and
- constant growth in the human population, which makes it possible to entrepreneurially "occupy" and cultivate a rising number of new fields of creative entrepreneurial knowledge, which enriches everyone.
According to this analysis, anything that guarantees the private
ownership of what each person creates and contributes to the production
process, that defends the peaceful possession of what each person
conceives or discovers, and that facilitates (or does not impede)
voluntary exchanges (which are always mutually satisfactory in the sense
that they mean an improvement for each party) generates prosperity,
increases the population, and furthers the quantitative and qualitative
advancement of civilization. Likewise, any attack on the peaceful
possession of goods and on the property rights that pertain to them, any
coercive manipulation of the free process of voluntary exchange, in
short, any state intervention in a free market economy always brings
about undesired effects, stifles individual initiative, corrupts moral
and responsible behavior habits, makes the masses childish and
irresponsible, hastens the decline of the social fabric, consumes
accumulated wealth, and blocks the expansion of human population and the
advancement of civilization, while everywhere increasing poverty.
The Effect of Wage-Rate Interventions
by Percy L. Greaves, Jr.
[Understanding the Dollar Crisis (1973)]
This lecture is primarily on the subject of labor, wages, and
employment. A good deal of what was said about prices in the last
lecture applies also to the subject of wage rates. Unfortunately, there
is more emotion in this area, because it is a bit more personal. Here,
too, of course, we also find evidence of the great sin of economic
ignorance. In seeking solutions, economic science is largely neglected.
As a result, many governments attempt to solve these problems by means
that will not accomplish the desired ends.Please do not think, as many do, that economics — which is a science — takes sides on this issue. This is not a question that can be settled by bias, that is, by taking one side or the other. It is always a question of what helps everybody, and what policies will help to produce the ends that people want most.
All of us in this world want peace and prosperity. No one wants poverty even for other people.
Free Market: An Application of the Golden Rule
A major question that we face is the problem of reducing or eliminating poverty. I suggest that free market policies have eliminated more poverty than any other policy or system that has ever been known to man. In a truly free society, everyone enjoys the fruits of his own labor, and no one is entitled to special privileges. Everyone is free to choose his own actions. Everyone is free to take thatSo, Mitt, what do you really believe?
The presidency
So, Mitt, what do you really believe?
Too much about the Republican candidate for the presidency is far too mysterious
All politicians flip-flop from time to time; but Mr Romney could win an Olympic medal in it (see article). And that is a pity, because this newspaper finds much to like in the history of this uncharismatic but dogged man, from his obvious business acumen to the way he worked across the political aisle as governor to get health reform passed and the state budget deficit down. We share many of his views about the excessive growth of regulation and of the state in general in America, and the effect that this has on investment, productivity and growth. After four years of soaring oratory and intermittent reforms, why not bring in a more businesslike figure who might start fixing the problems with America’s
The Catholic church in America
The Catholic church in America
Earthly concerns
The Catholic church is as big as any company in America. Bankruptcy cases have shed some light on its finances and their mismanagement
BOSTON, NEW YORK AND SAN DIEGO
The sexual-abuse scandals of the past 20 years have brought shame to the church around the world. In America they have also brought financial strains. By studying court documents
Mitt Romney’s chances
Mitt Romney’s chances
The changing man
He has many factors in his favour. But to win the presidency Mitt Romney will have to reinvent himself once again—this time as a likeable, sympathetic guy
The younger Mr Romney has been running for president for six years at least, since the waning days of his governorship of Massachusetts. He has proved doubters wrong by progressing as far as he has, in spite of his flip-flopping, his woodenness, his wealth and his Mormon faith. Yet he has not made it look easy, and is currently behind in the polls in an election that many pundits think is the Republicans’ to lose. Mr Romney, who will officially be anointed the Republican nominee at the party’s convention in Tampa on August 30th, is still very much in contention—but more by virtue of doggedness than flair.
What Liberals Don’t Understand About Ayn Rand
What Liberals Don’t Understand About Ayn Rand
Critics of the Russian-born writer miss what's important in her ideas.
One major misconception is that Rand worshipped the rich and saw moneymaking as life’s highest goal. In fact, most wealthy characters in her novels are pathetic, repulsive, or both: businessmen fattened on shady deals or government perks, society people who fill their empty lives with luxury. (There are also sympathetic poor and working-class characters.)
Mitt Romney: What I Learned at Bain Capital
Mitt Romney: What I Learned at Bain Capital
My business experience taught me how to help companies grow—and what to do when trouble arises. When you see a problem, run toward it before the problem gets worse.
By MITT ROMNEY
The back-to-school season is here, and as parents take their children to shop for school supplies, I suspect that many of them will be visiting a Staples store. I'm very familiar with those stores because Staples is one of many businesses we helped create and expand at Bain Capital, a firm that my colleagues and I built. The firm succeeded by growing and fixing companies.The lessons I learned over my 15 years at Bain Capital were valuable in helping me turn around the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. They also helped me as governor of Massachusetts to turn a budget deficit into a surplus and reduce our unemployment rate to 4.7%. The lessons from that time would help me as president to fix our economy, create jobs and get things done in Washington.
A broad message emerges from my Bain Capital days: A good idea is not enough for a business to succeed. It requires a talented team, a good business plan and capital to execute it. That was true of companies we helped start, like Staples and the Bright Horizons child-care provider, and several of the struggling companies we helped turn around, like the Brookstone retailer and the contact-lens maker Wesley Jessen.
The Cordesman criteria
By Charles Krauthammer
What’s alarming is not just Iran’s increasing store of enriched uranium or the growing sophistication of its rocketry. It’s also the increasingly menacing annihilationist threats emanating from Iran’s leaders. Israel’s existence is “an insult to all humanity,” says President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. “Anyone who loves freedom and justice must strive for the annihilation of the Zionist regime.” Explains the country’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Israel is “a true cancer tumor on this region that should be cut off.”
Noonan: America Meets Mr. Romney
Noonan: America Meets Mr. Romney
Anticipating the highlights of the GOP's Tampa convention.
-
By PEGGY NOONAN
- Like this columnist
I wish that were mine. It came in the mail from a Hollywood screenwriter, one of the gifted conservatives who quietly toil there.
***
Associated Press
If he is right, that's big. It would be in line with the singular nature of this election year, and would explain what has been, so far, a fervor deficit.
Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney and his wife Ann in Schaumburg, Ill., in March.
This, amazingly enough, is how the
campaign feels at the moment: both neck and neck and wide open. A week
ago a longtime elected official, who's been making the rounds in his
swing state, told me he thought the national polls were correct and yet
wrong. Americans are telling pollsters they've already made up
their minds, they know who they're for. But, he said, he's seeing a
number of people who don't feel fully satisfied with their decision, who
aren't certain they've made the right choice. They may change their
minds. "Ten or 15%", he guessed, "are still persuadable," still open to
argument. If he is right, that's big. It would be in line with the singular nature of this election year, and would explain what has been, so far, a fervor deficit.
Romney on the rise
Key gains on convention’s eve
John Podhoretz
At first glance, and even second and third glances, every indication is that we’re in for a nail-biter. The RealClearPolitics average, which aggregates all public polls, now has Barack Obama ahead nationally by a mere point.
The two tracking polls, which
There’s reason to think Mitt Romney is in better condition than the national polls show.
Getty
Lawyer: 20 More Cases Similar to Brandon Raub Ongoing
Lawyer: 20 More Cases Similar to Brandon Raub Ongoing
Veterans are being targeted in aftermath ofPaul Joseph Watson
The lawyer who helped secure the release of Brendon
Raub, a former Marine forcibly incarcerated in a psychiatric ward by
authorities in Virginia for political posts on Facebook, told the Alex
Jones Show today that there are currently a further 20 cases in his
county alone that are similar in nature to Raub’s detention.
John Whitehead of the Rutherford Institute also said
that he had been contacted by numerous veterans in the aftermath of
Raub’s release who had encountered similar problems with authorities
attempting to have them declared mentally ill.
Brandon Raub: Persecuted for Telling the Truth About the Federal Reserve
Brandon Raub: Persecuted for Telling the Truth About the Federal Reserve
Kurt NimmoCorporate media news reports state that former Marine Brandon Raub was arrested by the FBI and the Secret Service and detained in a psychiatric hospital for anti-government posts on Facebook.
A large part of Raub’s post, however, was not directed at the government. It was directed at the Federal Reserve. The Fed is not the government. It is a privately owned financial institution run by a cartel of banksters.
Millions of Americans believe the Federal Reserve is a federal agency despite the fact the Ninth Circuit Court ruled in 1982 that “the Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA, but are independent, privately-owned and locally controlled corporations.”
Brandon knows what Congressman Charles Lindbergh, Congressman Louis T. McFadden, Congressman Wright Patman, Senator Barry Goldwater and others brave enough to speak their minds knew: the Federal Reserve is a criminal operation of the international
Amerika's Future is Death
– by Paul Craig Roberts
Paul Craig Roberts
Conspiracy theories have now blossomed into what the smug presstitute media calls a "conspiracy culture." According to the presstitutes, Americans have to find some explanation for their frustrations and failings, so Americans shift the blame to the Bilderbergers, the Rothschilds, the New World Order and so forth and so on.
Readers will not be surprised that I disagree with the presstitutes. Indeed, the conspiracy culture is the product of the presstitute media's failure to investigate and to report truthfully. I am certain that the Western media is worse than the Soviet media was. The Soviet media devised ways for helping the public to read between the lines, whereas the Western media is so proud to be confidants of the government that they deliver the propaganda without any clues to the readers that it is propaganda.
Fed to Deliver More Stimulus "Fairly Soon"
Fed to Deliver More Stimulus "Fairly Soon"
– by Mike "Mish" Shedlock
Mike "Mish" Shedlock
Analysts poring over the July 31 - August 1, 2012 Fed Minutes quickly honed in on the following paragraph. I put the key sentence in italics.
The Committee had provided additional accommodation at its previous meeting by announcing the continuation of the maturity extension program through the end of the year, and more time was seen as necessary to evaluate the effects of that decision. Nonetheless, many members expected that at the end of 2014, the unemployment rate would still be well above their estimates of its longer-term normal rate and that inflation would be at or below the Committee's longer-run objective of 2 percent. A number of them indicated that additional accommodation could help foster a more rapid improvement in labor market conditions in an environment in which price pressures were likely to be subdued. Many members judged that additional monetary accommodation would likely be warranted fairly soon unless incoming information pointed to a substantial and sustainable strengthening in the pace of the economic recovery.
Real Reason they Arrested Raub: Strip Him of His Right to Bear Arms
Real Reason they Arrested Raub: Strip Him of His Right to Bear Arms
– by Staff Report
Brandon Raub
Another Attempt to Bluff Us All
– by Tibor Machan
Dr. Tibor Machan
Who are these blokes kidding? First, most ordinary folks with solid academic
America's Descent into Poverty
– by Paul Craig Roberts
Paul Craig Roberts
Economically, America has descended into poverty. As Peter Edelman says, "Low-wage work is pandemic." Today in "freedom and democracy" America, "the world's only superpower," one-fourth of the work force is employed in jobs that pay less than $22,000, the poverty line for a family of four. Some of these lowly-paid persons are young college graduates, burdened by
Putin Replaced by Politburo?
Putin Replaced by Politburo?
Vladimir Putin
Is a State Run Gold Standard Really the Answer?
– by Staff Report
A Message from the Radicals of 'Coalition to March on the RNC'
A Message from the Radicals of 'Coalition to March on the RNC'
As the Republican National Convention draws closer, protesters with Occupy Wall Street and notable activist organizations on the left are continuing to organize and are encouraging others to travel to Tampa to join them. OccupyWallSt.org posted a message Thursday from the Coalition to March on the RNC, calling for solidarity – it reads, in part:
Recipe for Chaos: What the Left and George Soros Plan for the RNC
Recipe for Chaos: What the Left and George Soros Plan for the RNC
It’s going to be a powder-keg in Tampa at the RNC if George Soros has anything to say about it. Soros bankrolled the 69-page ACLU report titled Rights and Wrongs at the RNC after the 2004 Republican Convention in New York City which detailed the extensive legal campaign the ACLU waged to suppress the police’s ability to keep order during anti-RNC protests. This was nothing new for Soros, who has been a major donor supporting the ACLU’s wars against law enforcement.
Yes, Romney Just Went There: Cracks Joke About Obama's Birth Certificate
Yes, Romney Just Went There: Cracks Joke About Obama's Birth Certificate
Yes, Mitt Romney just went there--joking, of course, but never expect the left to have a sense of humor. He told a home town crowd in Michigan: “Now I love being home in this place where Ann and I were raised, where both of us were born. Ann was born in Henry Ford hospital. I was born in Harper Hospital. No one has asked to see my birth certificate--they know that this is the place where we were born and raised.”
Thursday, August 23, 2012
Extremities and Enormities
Extremities and Enormities
The
conjunction of the Todd Akin controversy with the Republican-platform
hearings has enabled the media to follow one of its favorite scripts:
My, aren’t those Republicans extreme on abortion.
The unshocking truth is that the Republicans are indeed to the right of public opinion on abortion, as the Democrats
are to its left. The distance between the Democrats and the median
voter on the issue is not a subject on which journalists in Washington,
D.C., or New York City dwell much, because they themselves tend to be
rather closer to the former.Reporting on this gap might require, for example, explaining what the Supreme Court has actually held about abortion: that it is a constitutional right that cannot be effectively prohibited at any stage of
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